The toxicity associated with nickel (II) and chromium (VI) is mainly due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with subsequent oxidative deterioration of biological macromolecules. Both nickel and chromium can generate free radicals (FR) directly from molecular oxygen in a two step process to produce superoxide anion and in continued process. produce highly toxic hydroxyl rad... https://www.freaknleather.com/product-category/tungsten-electrodes/